Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)

Conjunctions join sentences together; also independent words.

The principal conjunctions are --

*Á menos que (unless)
Á pesar de (in spite of)
Así como (just as)
Así que, de suerte que (so that)
*Afín de que, *Para que (that -- in order that)
Aunque, bien que, si bien (although, even if)
*Bien ... bien (whether ... or)
Como (as)
*Con tal que (provided)
Con que (so)
*Cuando (if)
Mas, pero, empero[166] (but)
Sino (but -- after a negative[167])
Ni ... ni (neither ... nor)
No sea que* (lest, also perhaps)
No obstante (nevertheless)
Ó ... ó[168] (either ... or)
Ora ... ora[168] (now ... now -- with indic. mood)
Porqué, porque (why, because)
Portanto (therefore)
Puesto que[169] (seeing that)
Pues (since)
Que (that)
Si (if, whether)
Sin embargo (however, notwithstanding)
Según (according)
Siquiera (at least, even)
Y[170] (and)
Ya ... ya[171] (whether ... or -- with subj. mood)
Ya que (since, seeing that)

Footnote 166: Empero is used same as pero at the beginning of a sentence.

Footnote 167: Unless a finite verb follows, as: No tengo dinero pero gozo de buena reputación (I have no money but I enjoy a good reputation).

Footnote 168: Before words commencing with o or ho, it changes into ú.

Footnote 169: In old Spanish it had the meaning of "even if."

Footnote 170: Before words commencing with i, also hi not followed by a vowel, use é, as: "Padre é hijo," but "Nieve y hielo."

Footnote 171: "Ora ... ora" and "ya ... ya" both mean "now ... now" (with indic. mood), and "whether ... or" (with subj. mood).

The conjunctions marked with an asterisk are always followed by a verb in the Subjunctive Mood.

The English "either" is generally left understood, as --

Exportaciones ó importaciones: Either exports or imports.

"Either" following a negative -- tampoco, as --

No quiero comprar Títulos de Gobierno ni Obligaciones de Ferrocarriles tampoco: I do not wish to buy Government Stock, nor Railway Stocks either.

Interjections, being mere exclamations, do not stand in grammatical relation to any other word in the sentence.

They are elliptical sentences, as --

¡Oh! (I am surprised, etc.).

The principal Interjections in Spanish are the following --

caramba, cáspita (these express practically all kinds of emotions)
ay[172] (oh! grief or threat)
bah, ca, quiá (humph!)
ce, hola, ola (I say!)
chito, chitón (shut up!)
cuidado, ¡ojo! (attention! look out!)
ea (come!)
he (hey)
húy (oh! physical pain)
ojalá (oh, that)
por Dios (for heaven's sake)
tate, zape (what! (surprise))
tonterías (nonsense!)
uf (oh! weariness or fatigue)

Footnote 172: This can govern a noun or pronoun, as -- ¡Ay de mí! Woe to me! ¡Ay de Pedro! Woe to Peter!

As well as Ah or Ha, Oh or O as in English, and many words used as exclamations, as --

¡Silencio! ¡calle! ¡calle la boca (silence! hush! shut your mouth!)
¡vamos! (much used), (come! come now!)
¡que lástima! (what a pity!)
¡poco á poco! (gently, Sir!)
¡héteme[173] aquí! (here I am!)
¡hételos[173] aquí! (here they are, etc.)

Footnote 173: Te -- ethical dative.

                  Caber (to be able to contain = to hold)
                  (to be able to be contained = to go in)

 Pres. Indic.,    Quepo.
 Past Def.,       Cupe, cupiste, cupo, cupimos, cupisteis, cupieron.
 Fut. Indic.,     Cabré, cabrás, cabrá, cabremos, cabréis, cabrán.

                  Poder (to be able).

 Pres. Part.,     Pudiendo.
 Pres. Indic.,    Puedo, puedes, puede, ... pueden.
 Imp. Mood,       NONE.
 Past Def.,       Pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron.
 Fut. Indic.,     Podré, podrás, podrá, podremos, podréis, podrán.