The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence
Chapter IV
War Begins Between France and Great Britain. British Evacuate Philadelphia. Naval Operations of D'Estaing and Howe about New York, Narragansett Bay, and Boston. Complete Success of Lord Howe. American Disappointment in D'Estaing. Lord Howe Returns to England.
1778
The events of 1777 satisfied the French government that the Americans had strength and skill sufficient to embarrass Great Britain seriously, and that the moment, therefore, was opportune for taking steps which scarcely could fail to cause war. On the 6th of February, 1778, France concluded with the United States an open treaty of amity and commerce; and at the same time a second secret treaty, acknowledging the independence of the late Colonies, and contracting with them a defensive alliance. On the 13th of March, the French Ambassador in London communicated the open treaty to the British government, with the remark that "the United States were in full possession of the independence proclaimed by their declaration of July 4th, 1776." Great Britain at once recalled her Ambassador, and both countries prepared for war, although no declaration was issued. On the 13th of April, a French fleet of twelve ships of the line and five frigates,
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